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They downloaded blockchain data using the open source software Bitcoin Core and used the BlockSci analysis tool to parse raw data into individual transactions. Doing so allowed them to:. While the research itself is specific to Bitcoin, some of what the authors found also applies to other cryptocurrencies. Because the Bitcoin blockchain is a public ledger, all payments flowing between addresses are observable.

However, some Bitcoin users adopt strategies to impede tracing by moving their funds over long chains of multiple addresses and splitting payments. The authors developed algorithms to filter out this spurious volume so that they could trace economically meaningful payments between real entities on the Bitcoin network. The authors found that participation in Bitcoin is skewed toward the elite. The authors clustered addresses so that all addresses that sent bitcoins in any single transaction were deemed to belong to the same entity.

Schoar said this often happens for the sole purpose of obfuscating the origin of funds. In addition, the top 10, clusters owned more than 4 million bitcoins — about a quarter of all outstanding bitcoins. This has important implications for market stability. Schoar said that once funds arrive at these exchanges, they get mixed in with other flows and become virtually untraceable and can be sent anywhere.

For example, between January and June , Coinbase directly sent bitcoins and received bitcoins from the Hydra market, but it sent , and received , bitcoins via the neighboring clusters. This is a problem throughout the industry, not just with Bitcoin, Schoar said. For their work, miners are rewarded with newly created Bitcoins. The authors were able to identify individual miners by tracking the distribution of mining rewards from the largest 16 mining pools to the miners that work for them.

Stronger regulation could force people to pay capital gains tax up to the last owner who paid a capital gains tax. Making people accountable for where the money has been — not just when it came onto an exchange — would pressure investors to declare their holdings in a more honest way.

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PhD A doctoral program that produces outstanding scholars who are leading in their fields of research. Thus, the Winklevoss twins are some of the largest Bitcoin owners in the world right now. Although bitcoin is the brainchild of Satoshi Nakamoto, Garvin Andresen is credited as the person who made it what it is today. Garvin is one of the people who has been suspected to be Satoshi, a claim he denies. Rather, he says that he had a close relationship with the anonymous cryptographer for many years.

The real Satoshi Nakamoto picked him as his successor in late Garvin became the chief developer of the open source code that determines how Bitcoin operates — and whether it can survive. He had already cashed out multiple times. Nowadays, Gavin Andresen is not as involved with Bitcoin as he was in the past. However, we suppose he is still among the largest Bitcoin owners right now.

Roger Ver , otherwise known as Bitcoin Jesus, is one of the first Bitcoin billionaires and believed to hold or held at least , bitcoins. The renowned libertarian allegedly dropped out of college to focus on his bitcoin-related projects. The controversial bitcoin evangelist renounced his U.

This has created a lot of harm to Bitcoin in the past, but his involvement in the market continues to be appreciated by everyone. Additionally, he might be among the largest Bitcoin owners despite deciding to move to Bitcoin Cash. Silbert is a venture capitalist and founder of Digital Currency Group. He was an early adopter of Bitcoin. He purportedly walked away with an eye-watering 48, Bitcoins in an auction held by the U. Marshals Service in The US government had confiscated much of the crypto coins from Ross Ulbricht, the alleged operator of the dark web marketplace for drugs and other illegal products.

Charlie Shrem is no doubt one of the most controversial Bitcoin millionaires. He invested in a large quantity of Bitcoin in the early days of the cryptocurrency. Shrem was also an active member of the Bitcoin Foundation and founded BitInstant when he was just 22 years old.

By the end of December , Shrem had been found guilty of money laundering and received a two-year prison sentence. After his release from federal custody, he unveiled a startup called Intellisys Capital, a company that sells investment portfolios in blockchain companies. Although he has not revealed precisely how many bitcoins he owns, he reportedly purchased a few thousands back when they were worth a few hundred. Those would be worth millions now.

A famous business magnate Tony Gallippi is also believed to be one of the big holders of bitcoins. He is the brain behind BitPay , one of the most popular Bitcoin payment service providers in the world. The company was launched in May and processes over one million dollars per day. Bitpay is also one of the companies to sign contracts with major companies including Microsoft, Dell, TigerDirect, and Newegg. By , the company had employed approximately people.

At the moment, there are ,00 Bitcoin owners addresses that have 10 or more BTC. Surprisingly, these addresses that account for just 0. Only four addresses have more than , coins, which is in general not common. If exchanges want to hold funds, they generally have different wallets to do so rather than one.

These might be extremely large whales that prefer to have their funds in just single wallets. Most of them are Bitcoin owners with large amounts of funds. The top 5 dormant addresses holding BTC for more than 5 years account for 1. These addresses hold Most of these Bitcoin owners have a large number of deposits but a small number of withdrawals.

Many of these wallets are anonymous, which means that the market does not know who these funds belong to. Crypto hedge funds, exchanges and large investors are usually behind these wallets. In the future, the number of Bitcoin holders could increase. Indeed, we are seeing how companies and large firms are entering the market.

Nowadays, many of the largest Bitcoin owners are companies that got exposure to the largest virtual currency in the world. There are also thousands of individuals who hold large stashes of bitcoin but have chosen to remain anonymous.

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